The Middle Ages, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, are often romanticized in popular culture—think gallant knights, majestic castles, and epic quests. Yet, beneath the surface of chivalry and courtly love, medieval society harbored a far darker reality: a justice system t

While Bruce is remembered as a heroic king, his path to greatness was marked by ruthless actions. The murder of John Comyn, suppression of rival clans, and harsh treatment of enemies were all part of his rise. Some historians argue that Bruce was a pragmatic statesman; others suggest he was a cold-b

Following Comyn’s death and Bruce’s coronation, Edward I declared him an outlaw and excommunicated him. Bruce’s early attempts to hold the crown were disastrous. He suffered several defeats and was forced into hiding. His wife and sisters were captured, and his brothers executed.

Robert the Bruce is one of the most iconic figures in Scottish history. Hailed as a national hero, freedom fighter, and king, his name evokes images of patriotic valor and battlefield triumph. Yet, behind the celebrated façade lies a complex man whose path to glory was paved with betrayal, bl